Reserve mobilization and secondary metabolites during seed germination and seedling establishment of the tree Erythrina velutina (Fabaceae) / Movilización de reservas y metabolitos secundarios durante la germinación de semillas y el establecimiento de plántulas del árbol Erythrina velutina (Fabaceae)

Introduction: The lack of knowledge on seed germination and seedling establishment is a main constraint for the restoration of degraded areas, including the tropical dry forest known as Caatinga. Objective: To assess reserve and secondary metabolite mobilization during seed germination and seedling establishment in Erythina velutina. Methods: We scarified, disinfected, imbibed, sown between towel paper, and incubated seeds under controlled conditions. We hydroponically cultivated seedlings in a greenhouse. We harvested cotyledons at seed imbibition, radicle protrusion, hypocotyl emergence, apical hook formation and expansion of cordiform leaves, first trifoliate leaf, and second trifoliate leaf. Results: Seeds contained approximately 20 % starch, 14.5 % storage proteins, 11.6 % neutral lipids, and 5.7 % non-reducing sugars on a dry weight basis. Soluble sugars were mainly consumed from hypocotyl emergence to apical hook formation, while major reserves were mobilized from apical hook formation to expansion of first trifoliate leaf. Enzymatic activity increased from mid to late seedling establishment, causing the mobilization of starch, oils, and proteins. Terpenoid-derivatives, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids were detected. Flavonoids and phenolic acids were present at almost all stages and terpenoid-derivatives disappeared at expansion of cordiform leaves. Conclusion: Soluble sugars support early seedling growth, while starch, oils and proteins are simultaneously mobilized from mid to late establishment by amylases, lipases, and acid proteases. The cotyledons contain secondary metabolites, which may act in seedling defense. High content of reserves and presence of secondary metabolites in the cotyledons could enable E. velutina seedlings endure stress, validating their use in the restoration of degraded areas.

Introducción: La falta de conocimiento sobre la germinación de semillas y el establecimiento de plántulas es una de las principales limitaciones para la restauración de áreas degradadas, incluido el bosque seco tropical conocido como Caatinga. Objetivo: Evaluar la movilización de reservas y metabolitos secundarios durante estas etapas de desarrollo en Erythina velutina. Métodos: Las semillas fueron escarificadas, desinfectadas, embebidas, sembradas entre toallas de papel e incubadas bajo condiciones controladas. Cultivamos las plántulas hidropónicamente en un invernadero. Recolectamos los cotiledones en la imbibición de la semilla, la protrusión de la radícula, la emergencia del hipocótilo, la formación del gancho apical y la expansión de las hojas cordiformes, la primera y segunda hoja trifoliada. Resultados: Las semillas contenían 20 % de almidón, 14.5 % de proteínas de almacenamiento, 11.6 % de lípidos neutros y 5.7 % de azúcares no reductores en peso seco. Los azúcares solubles se consumieron desde la emergencia del hipocótilo hasta la formación del gancho apical. Las principales reservas se movilizaron desde la formación del gancho apical hasta la expansión de la primera hoja trifoliada. La actividad enzimática aumentó desde la mitad hasta el final del establecimiento de las plántulas, movilizando almidón, aceites y proteínas. Se detectaron derivados de terpenoides, flavonoides, ácidos fenólicos y alcaloides. Los flavonoides y los ácidos fenólicos estuvieron en casi todas las etapas y los derivados terpenoides desaparecieron en la expansión de las hojas cordiformes. Conclusión: Los azúcares solubles apoyan el crecimiento temprano de las plántulas; el almidón, los aceites y las proteínas se movilizan simultáneamente desde el establecimiento medio hasta el final por amilasas, lipasas y proteasas ácidas. Los cotiledones contienen metabolitos secundarios, que pueden actuar en la defensa de las plántulas. El alto contenido de reservas y los metabolitos secundarios en los cotiledones podría permitir que las plántulas de E. velutina toleren estrés, validando su uso en la restauración de áreas degradadas.

Perfil de consumidores e sua percepção sobre antepasto de grão de bico contendo bactéria probiótica / Consumer profile and their perception of chickpea antipasto containing probiotic bacteria

Introdução: A indústria de alimentos e os pesquisadores têm-se dedicado a desenvolver novos produtos funcionais, com características mais naturais. Assim, estudos que identifiquem a demanda dos consumidores buscando atender seus anseios são importantes. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil e a percepção de consumidores sobre antepastos, probióticos e a intenção de compras de um antepasto de grão de bico adicionado de bactéria probiótica. Método: A avaliação foi realizada de forma on-line, por meio de questionário contendo 33 questões respondidas por 322 participantes. Nuvens de palavras foram elaboradas com os resultados obtidos. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes reside na Região Sudeste, 72,7% são do gênero feminino, 37,3% possuem renda familiar de até três salários mínimos, 75,8% sabem o que é antepasto e mais da metade já consumiu grão de bico e conhece seus benefícios. Mais de 84,0% dos participantes sabem o que são probióticos e 90,1% já consumiram produtos probióticos de base láctea. Entretanto, 78,0% demonstraram interesse por opções de produtos probióticos de origem vegetal. Sobre as características que os participantes consideram que melhor descrevem o antepasto, as mais citadas foram: pastoso, macio, agridoce, salgado e firme. A nuvem de palavras mostrou que os respondentes associam probióticos à saúde intestinal e 36% deles estariam dispostos a comprar antepasto de grão de bico contendo probiótico se o produto estivesse disponível no mercado. Conclusão: O estudo indica que os consumidores têm interesse por grão de bico e probióticos, havendo uma demanda potencial por alimentos de origem vegetal contendo probióticos.

Introduction: The food industry and researchers have been dedicated to developing new functional products with more natural characteristics. Thus, studies that identify the demand of consumers seeking to meet their desires are important. Objective: To evaluate the profile and perception of consumers about antipasti, probiotics and purchase intention of a chickpea antipasti added with probiotic bacteria. Method: The evaluation was carried out online, through a questionnaire sent to 322 participants, containing 33 questions. Word clouds were created with the results obtained. Results: Most participants live in the Southeast region, 72.7% are female, 37.3% have a family income of up to three minimum wages, 75.8% know what antipasto is and more than half have consumed beak and knows its benefits. More than 84.0% of the participants know what probiotics are and 90.1% have already consumed dairy-based probiotic products. However, 78.0% showed interest in options for probiotic products of plant origin. About the characteristics that the participants consider that best describe the antipasto, the most cited were: Pasty, Soft, Bittersweet, Salty and Firm. The word cloud showed that respondents associate probiotics with gut health and 36% of those would be willing to buy probiotic-containing chickpea antipasto if the product were available on the market. Conclusion: The study indicates that consumers are interested in chickpeas and probiotics, with a potential demand for plant-based foods containing probiotics.

Management of defoliation in Trifolium vesiculosum S. for the production of seeds / [Manejo da desfolha em Trifolium vesiculosum Savi para a produção de sementes]

The present study aims to determine the appropriate defoliation management for the production of seeds and forage in arrowleaf clover via trail analysis. The results obtained demonstrated that defoliation practices have a great influence on the composition of seed yield and germination power. In addition, when the goal is the maximum balance between dry matter production and seed yield, this can be achieved in up to two defoliation practices. These results are confirmed by analyzing the positive association between the weight of a thousand seeds and the seed yield. When the third defoliation practice is performed, it negatively correlates with the weight of a thousand seeds, suggesting that, with the increase in defoliation frequency, there is a lower weight of a thousand seeds, and, therefore, lower seed yield. Therefore, management planning in Trifolium vesiculosum Savi that aims at natural reseeding, maximum yield and seed germination must prioritize one to two defoliation practices, aiming to promote favorable conditions for the perennialization of the species. In this context, the trail analysis proved to be a useful tool as a criterion for obtaining the ideal management aiming at the production of seeds and forage in vesicular clover.(AU)

O presente estudo visa determinar o manejo de desfolha adequado para a produção de sementes e de forragem em trevo-vesiculoso via análise de trilha. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as práticas de desfolha possuem grande influência na composição do rendimento de sementes e no poder germinativo. Além disso, quando o objetivo for o máximo equilíbrio entre a produção de matéria seca e o rendimento de sementes, esse pode ser alcançado em até duas práticas de desfolha. Esses resultados são confirmados ao se analisar a associação positiva entre o peso de mil sementes e o rendimento de sementes. Quando realizada a terceira prática de desfolha, esta se correlaciona negativamente com o peso de mil sementes, sugerindo que, com o aumento da frequência de desfolha, ocorre menor peso de mil sementes e, por conseguinte, menor rendimento de sementes. Portanto, o planejamento do manejo em T. vesiculosum Savi que objetive a ressemeadura natural, o máximo rendimento e a germinação de sementes deve priorizar até duas práticas de desfolha, visando promover condições favoráveis para a perenização da espécie. Nesse contexto, a análise de trilha demonstrou ser uma ferramenta útil como critério para obtenção do manejo ideal visando à produção de sementes e de forragem em trevo-vesiculoso.(AU)

Consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres en adultos de Santiago Oriente, Chile: ¿Ha influido el confinamiento por COVID-19?

RESUMEN El confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19 pudo impactar negativamente los hábitos alimentarios en Chile, principalmente debido al menor acceso a alimentos y los efectos psicológicos del encierro, cambiando patrones de consumo de frutas, verduras y legumbres. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la frecuencia y cantidad consumida de frutas, verduras y legumbres y el cumplimiento de las guías alimentarias para estos alimentos en adultos residentes del sector oriente de Santiago, antes y durante el confinamiento. Se realizó mediante una encuesta digital de frecuencia de consumo y participaron 1.351 residentes de las comunas en confinamiento pertenecientes al sector oriente, mayores de 18 años y ambos sexos. En los resultados se observó una disminución en la frecuencia y cantidad consumida de frutas y verduras y un aumento en la frecuencia y cantidad de legumbres consumidas durante el confinamiento. El cumplimiento de la guía alimentaria de legumbres aumentó, para las frutas disminuyó y para las verduras se mantuvo. El confinamiento afectó negativamente el consumo de frutas, mantuvo el de verduras y el consumo de legumbres aumentó pero sigue siendo insuficiente. Los efectos del confinamiento en la alimentación podrían agravar la situación epidemiológica de los chilenos.

ABSTRACT Confinement due to COVID-19 pandemic could have a negative impact on eating habits in Chile, mainly due to decreased food access, the psychological effects of confinement, and the changing patterns of fruit, vegetable and legume consumption. The objective of the study was to compare frequency and quantity of fruits, vegetables and legumes consumed by adults from the eastern sector of Santiago de Chile before and during confinement, as well as compliance with dietary guidelines for these foods. 1.351 subjects over 18 years old, of both sexes and residents of localities in confinement within the eastern sector of Santiago answered a digital food frequency questionnaire. Results showed a decrease in the frequency and quantity of fruits and vegetables consumed and an increase in the frequency and quantity of legumes consumed during confinement. Compliance with the dietary guideline for legumes increased, it decreased for fruits and was unchanged for vegetables. Confinement negatively affected consumption of fruits, did not alter that of vegetables, and legume consumption increased, yet is still insufficient. The effects of confinement on food habits could aggravate the epidemiological situation of Chileans.

Composición química y producción de follaje de Erythrina americana (Fabaceae) en cercos vivos durante dos épocas climáticas / Chemical composition and foliage production of Erythrina americana (Fabaceae) in living fences during two climatic seasons. Introduction

Introducción: Erythrina americana es una leguminosa arbórea que se encuentra como parte del cerco en las fincas ganaderas de la región tropical. Sin embargo, los productores de ovinos no utilizan el follaje de este tipo de leguminosa de forma rutinaria o estratégica como complemento alimenticio debido, en parte, por el desconocimiento de su composición química y rendimiento foliar, así como, por los factores que los afectan. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de la época climática y diámetro del árbol E. americana en la composición química y rendimiento de follaje a una edad de rebrote de 90 días. Método: Se utilizaron 47 árboles en un diseño de dos factores. Los factores fueron época (sequía y lluvias) y diámetro del árbol a 0.20 m de altura del suelo (D-9 entre 0.05 y 0.09 m y D-13, entre 0.091 y 0.13 m). Las variables respuesta fueron producción de materia seca y proteína bruta foliar (kg árbol-1). Resultados: La época no afectó (P > 0.05) la producción de materia seca y proteína bruta. Sin embargo, el diámetro de E. americana si las afectó (P < 0.01). En el diámetro D-13 se detectó la mayor producción de materia seca y proteína bruta foliar con respecto a D-9. Conclusión: El diámetro del árbol tuvo mayor influencia que la época en el rendimiento de materia seca y proteína bruta foliar.

Introduction: Erythrina americana is a tree legume found as part of the fence of livestock farms of the tropical region. However, sheep farmers do not routinely or strategically use the foliage of this type of legume as a dietary supplement due, in part, to ignorance of its chemical composition and foliar performance, as well as the factors that affect them. Objective: To determine the influence of season and diameter of E. americana tree on the chemical composition and foliage yield at a 90-day regrowth age. Methods: 47 trees were used in a two-factor design. The factors were season (dry and rainy) and tree diameter at 0.20 m above ground level (D-9 between 0.05 and 0.09 m and D-13, between 0.091 to 0.13 m). The response variables were dry matter production and crude protein from foliage (kg árbol-1). Results: The season did not affect (P > 0.05) the production of dry matter and crude protein. However, the diameter of E. americana affected them (P < 0.01). In diameter D-13, the highest production of dry matter and crude foliar protein tree-1 was detected with respect to D-9. Conclusions: The diameter of the tree had a more influence than the season on yield of dry matter and crude protein.

Intramuscular fatty acid composition of steers finished on oat pastures mixture with vetch or cornmeal supplementation / Composição de ácidos graxos da gordura intramuscular de novilhos terminados em pastagem de aveia consorciada com ervilhaca ou suplementados com grão de milho moído

ABSTRACT: The effects of energetic supplementation and mixture vetch (Vica sativa L.) were studied to evaluate the intramuscular fatty acid profile of steers finished on oat (Avena sativa L.) pastures. Eighteen 21-month-old crossbred steers were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in three treatments and six repetitions: oat pasture (OA), oat pasture + vetch (OA + VET), and oat pasture + supplementation (OA + SUP). Supplementation comprised the addition of corn meal at a daily dose of 1% of the animals' body weight. Steers receiving supplementation had higher lipid content in Longissimus lumborum than did those fed with OA + VET (1.25 vs 1.02%), whereas those fed with OA (1.15%) showed intermediate values. Conjugated linoleic acid levels were higher in steers fed OA (0.57%) and OA + SUP (0.59%), whereas the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids was observed in animals fed OA + VET (3.32%). Pasture-finishing without supplementation resulted in a lower ratio of n-6:n-3 (3.14). Steers finished in oat mixture with vetch showed healthier intramuscular fat than did those finished with cornmeal supplementation; importantly, the higher the amount of PUFAs, the better n-6:n-3 ratio.

RESUMO: Os efeitos da suplementação energética e da ervilhaca (Vica sativa L.) foram estudados para avaliar o perfil de ácidos graxos intramusculares de novilhos terminados em pastagens de aveia (Avena sativa L.). Foram avaliados 18 novilhos mestiços com 21 meses de idade. O experimento foi realizado em três tratamentos e seis repetições: pastagem de aveia (OA), pastagem de aveia + ervilhaca (OA + VET) e pastagem de aveia + suplementação (OA + SUP). A suplementação compreendeu a adição de fubá na dose diária de 1% do peso corporal dos animais. Os novilhos que receberam suplementação apresentaram maior teor lipídico no Longissimus lombar do que aqueles alimentados com OA + VET (1,25 contra 1,02%), enquanto aqueles alimentados com AO (1,15%) apresentaram valores intermediários. Os níveis de ácido linoléico conjugado foram maiores em novilhos alimentados com AO (0,57%) e OA + SUP (0,59%), enquanto a maior quantidade de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi observada em animais alimentados com OA + VET (3,32%). Animais terminados em pastagens sem suplementação apresentaram menor proporção de n-6: n-3 (3,14). Novilhos terminados em pastagem de aveia com ervilhaca apresentaram gordura intramuscular mais saudável do que aqueles terminados com suplementação de milho moído, uma vez que apresentaram maior quantidade de PUFAs e melhor a relação n-6: n-3.

Nutritional and therapeutic benefits of medicinal plant Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae): A review

Pithecellobium dulce, an evergreen medium-sized, spiny tree, each part of the plant has vast nutritional values; stuffedwith essential vitamins, amino acids, and minerals. The fruits of P. dulce were widely used in Ayurvedic medicinesand home remedies. The plant has also been a rich source of biologically active compounds such as tannin, olein,and glycosides. Totally 38 active phytocompounds like quercetin, kaempferol, and dulcitol were identified from thevarious parts of the plant. Notably, this plant has catechol type of tannins in the bark. There are polyphenol classesof phytocompounds which have found to hold potent antivenom activity. Their fruits are a rich source of phenols,flavonoids, and saponins reported for their efficacy to treat diabetes, oxidative stress, and gastrointestinal disorders.The plant leaf and seed have an antibacterial, antifungal, and adulticidal activities. Thus, the present review describeson exploiting the medicinal properties of P. dulce and its biomedicinal applications in therapeutic development.

Preferencia y grado de satisfacción de productos panaderos con una mezcla cereal-leguminosa en adultos de Chile / Preference and degree of satisfaction of bakery products with a cereal-legume mixture in adults from Chile

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la preferencia y el grado de satisfacción de cuatro productos de panadería (galletas y grissinis) elaborados a base de una mezcla de trigo y frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris) o trigo y lupino (Lupinus albus) en adultos de Chile, y comparar los resultados obtenidos para estos productos en población mexicana. El análisis sensorial se realizó mediante dos pruebas sensoriales hedónicas, una de preferencia y otra de grado de satisfacción. Los participantes fueron 60 adultos de Concepción, Chile. Los resultados mostraron que los cuatro productos fueron del agrado de los participantes, siendo las versiones elaboradas a base de harina de trigo y lupino las más preferidas y mayor puntuadas (2,05 ± 1,05 galleta y 1,28 ± 1,22 grissini) respecto a las elaboradas a base de harina de trigo y frijol (1,90 ± 1,22 galleta y 1,28 ± 1,22 grissini). Al comparar los valores obtenidos de los cuatro productos, se encontró diferencia estadística significativa en los puntajes otorgados a las galletas. En los grissinis los puntajes otorgados fueron idénticos. Los resultados de los participantes mexicanos mostraron una mayor preferencia y grado de satisfacción para los productos elaborados a base de harina de trigo y frijol. De acuerdo a los resultados se puede concluir que los productos de panadería elaborados con mezclas de cereales y leguminosas son una opción mediante la cual se puede favorecer el consumo de leguminosas, el cual ha disminuido en los últimos años(AU)

The purpose of this work was to determine the preference and degree of satisfaction of four bakery products (cookies and grissinis) made from a mixture of wheat and common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) or wheat and lupine (Lupinus albus) in adults from Chile, and compare the results with the results recently obtained for these products in the Mexican population. The sensory analysis was performed using two hedonic sensory tests, one of preference and the other of degree of satisfaction. The participants were 60 adults from Concepción, Chile. The results showed that the four products were liked by the participants, the versions made from wheat and lupine flour were most preferred and highest rated (2.05 ± 1.05 cookie and 1.28 ± 1.22 grissini ) regarding those made of wheat flour and beans (1.90 ± 1.22 cookie and 1.28 ± 1.22 grissini). When comparing the values obtained from the four products, significant statistical difference was found in the scores given to the cookies. The grissinis scores were identical. The results of the Mexican participants showed a greater preference and degree of satisfaction for products made from wheat flour and beans. According to the results, it can be concluded that bakery products made with mixtures of cereals and legumes are an option by which the consumption of legumes can be favored, which has declined in recent years(AU)

Respuesta del simbiosistema frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 ante el efecto alelopático de Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth / Responses of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 symbiosystem to induced allelopathy by Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth

La alelopatía es un fenómeno que involucra la producción de metabolitos secundarios que influyen en el crecimiento de las plantas, pero este potencial alelopático ha sido poco estudiado en la simbiosis rizobio-leguminosa. Esta investigación tuvo los siguientes objetivos: 1) evaluar el potencial alelopático de lixiviados acuosos de Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth en la germinación de semillas y en el crecimiento radical de plántulas de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.); 2) determinar el efecto de estos lixiviados en el crecimiento in vitro de Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, y 3) evaluar el potencial alelopático de I. purpurea en el crecimiento, la fisiología y la nodulación de frijol en simbiosis con R. tropici. Tanto el lixiviado acuoso de raíz como el de la parte aérea de I. purpurea estimularon la germinación de semillas de frijol y la elongación radical. El crecimiento in vitro de R. tropici fue inhibido al aplicar los 2 tipos de lixiviado. La presencia de I. purpurea tuvo un efecto negativo en el crecimiento y en las respuestas fisiológicas de las plantas de frijol, que fue atenuado cuando las plantas fueron inoculadas con Rhizobium tropici; no obstante, la nodulación asociada a esta bacteria fue afectada en presencia de la planta alelopática. Los resultados indican que la simbiosis de rizobios en las raíces de frijol es un elemento importante en la atenuación de los danos producidos por la planta alelopática I. purpurea.

Allelopathy is a phenomenon that involves the production of secondary metabolites that influence the growth of plants and microorganisms; however, this alellopathic effect has been scarcely studied on the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. The aims of this research were 1) to assess the allelopathic potential of aqueous extracts of Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth on seed germination and root length of common bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), 2) to determine its effects on the in vitro growth of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899, and 3) to evaluate the allelopathic potential of I. purpurea on the growth, nodulation and physiology of common bean plants inoculated with R. tropici. After 48 h, 15% of the aqueous root extract of I. purpurea stimulated seed germination, whereas 4% of the aqueous shoot extracts stimulated such germination. Both the root or shoot extracts stimulated seed germination and e root length. In vitro growth of R. tropici was inhibited as a result of the application of both aqueous extracts. The presence of I. purpurea negatively affected both the growth and physiological responses of common bean plants, and this effect was attenuated after the inoculation of R. tropici; nevertheless, this allelopathic plant affected root nodulation. Our results suggest that the symbiosis of rhizobia and roots of common bean plants is an important element for attenuating the negative effects caused by the allelopathic plant.

Bromatological characteristics of Macrotyloma axillare as a function of combined supply of phosphorus and calcium / Características bromatológicas de Macrotyloma axillare em função do suprimento combinado de fósforo e cálcio

The supply of nutrients to forage legumes is significant for their nutritional quality. The study aimed to evaluate the bromatological characteristics of the legume Macrotyloma axillare in response to the combined application of phosphorus and calcium. The study was conducted in a greenhouse on a Red Yellow Ultisol. A fractionated 52 factorial was used, with 13 different combinations of phosphorus and calcium application rates (P-Ca): 0-0; 0-20; 0-40; 100-10; 100-30; 200-0; 200-20; 200-40; 300-10; 300-30; 400-0; 400-20; and 400-40 mg dm-3. Experimental units were set in a randomized block design, with four replications. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and crude protein (CP) in the leaves and branches were determined in two harvests. In both harvests of the legume we observed that the ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin contents in the leaves did not show isolated or combined responses to phosphorus and calcium rates. It was concluded that the combined supply of phosphorus and calcium did not interfere in the nutritional quality of the legume. Calcium supplied alone interfered only the NDF content and phosphorus supplied of the CP of the leaves. Phosphorus rates of 31.5 mg dm-3 and 28.2 mg dm-3 were responsible for the lower NDF content in the leaves and the higher hemicellulose content in the branches, respectively.(AU)

O fornecimento de nutrientes para as leguminosas forrageiras é importante para sua qualidade nutricional. O estudo objetivou avaliar as características bromatológicas da Macrotyloma axillare em resposta a aplicação combinada de doses de fósforo e cálcio. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma casa de vegetação sob um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 52 fracionado, com 13 combinações diferentes das doses de fósforo e cálcio (P-Ca): 0-0, 0‒40, 0‒80, 15‒20, 15‒60, 30‒0, 30‒40, 30‒80, 45‒20, 45‒60, 60‒0, 60‒40, e 60‒80 mg dm-3. As unidades experimentais foram distribuídas em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Determinou-se fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose, celulose, lignina e proteína bruta (PB) das folhas e ramos em dois cortes. Nos dois cortes da leguminosa observou-se que os teores de FDA, hemicelulose, celulose e lignina das folhas não apresentaram respostas isoladas ou combinadas às doses de fósforo e cálcio. Concluiu-se que o fornecimento combinado de fósforo e cálcio não influenciou na qualidade nutricional da leguminosa. O fornecimento isolado de cálcio interferiu somente no teor de FDN e fornecimento de fósforo na PB das folhas. As doses de fósforo de 31,5 mg dm-3 e 28,2 mg dm-3 foram responsáveis pelo menor teor de FDN nas folhas e pelo maior teor de hemicelulose nos ramos, respectivamente.(AU)

Formulación, análisis nutrimental y sensorial de productos de panadería a base de una mezcla cereal-leguminosa (Phaseolus vulgaris y Lupinus albus) en México / Formulation, nutrimental and sensory analysis of bakery products made from a cereallegume mixture (Phaseolus vulgaris and Lupinus albus) in Mexico

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la formulación y evaluación de galletas y grissinis a base de una mezcla cereal-leguminosa, así como evaluar el grado de satisfacción y preferencia en un grupo de adultos y niños en México. Para la elaboración de los productos de panadería se empleó una combinación de harina de trigo-leguminosa de 55:45 para las galletas, mientras que para los grissinis fue de 68:32. En cuanto al contenido de proteína de los productos, presentaron valores de 10,65±0,06 a 12,09±0,30 g/100g. Por su parte, el contenido de fibra varió desde 0,39±0,30 hasta 3,84±0,37 g/100g. En cuanto a la prueba de grado de satisfacción se identificó que todos los productos fueron del agrado de los participantes, obteniendo calificaciones superiores a 0 (ni me gusta ni me disgusta). Mientras que en la prueba de preferencia, los productos elaborados con frijol, fueron preferidas en un mayor número de ocasiones que los de lupino. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo de adultos y niños en los puntajes otorgados a todos los productos, lo que se puede relacionar con la familiaridad hacia éste tipo de alimentos(AU)

The objective of this work was the formulation and evaluation of cookies and grissinis based on a cereal-legume mixture, as well as the degree of satisfaction and preference in a group of adults and children in Mexico. For the preparation of bakery products, a combination of wheat flour and legume of 55:45 was used for cookies, while for grissinis it was 68:32. In terms of protein content of the products, there were found values from 10,65±0,06 to 12,09±0,30 g/100g. On the other hand, the fiber content varied from 0,39±0,30 to 3,84±0,37 g/100g. As for the degree of satisfaction test, it was identified that all the products were liked by the participants, obtaining ratings above 0 (I do not like or dislike it). While in the preference test, all products made with beans were preferred in a greater number of occasions than those with lupine. Statistically significant differences were found between the group of adults and children in the scores awarded to all the products, being able to relate to the familiarity towards this type of food

Genomic comparisons of Rhizobium species using in silico AFLP-PCR, endonuclease restriction, and AMPylating enzymes

Background: The whole-genome sequences of nine Rhizobium species were evaluated using different in silico molecular techniques such as AFLP-PCR, restriction digest, and AMPylating enzymes. The entire genome sequences were aligned with progressiveMauve and visualized by reconstructing phylogenetic tree using NTSYS pc 2.11X. The "insilico.ehu.es" was used to carry out in silico AFLP-PCR and in silico restriction digest of the selected genomes. Post-translational modification (PTM) and AMPylating enzyme diversity between the proteome of Rhizobium species were determined by novPTMenzy. Results: Slight variations were observed in the phylogeny based on AFLP-PCR and PFGE and the tree based on whole genome. Results clearly demonstrated the presence of PTMs, i.e., AMPylation with the GS-ATasE (GlnE), Hydroxylation, Sulfation with their domain, and Deamidation with their specific domains (AMPylating enzymes) GS-ATasE (GlnE), Fic, and Doc (Phosphorylation); Asparagine_hydroxylase and Collagen_prolyl_lysyl_hydroxylase; Sulfotransferase; and CNF (Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors), respectively. The results pertaining to PTMs are discussed with regard to functional diversities reported in these species. Conclusions: The phylogenetic tree based on AFLP-PCR was slightly different from restriction endonuclease- and PFGE-based trees. Different PTMs were observed in the Rhizobium species, and the most prevailing type of PTM was AMPylation with the domain GS-ATasE (GlnE). Another type of PTM was also observed, i.e., Hydroxylation and Sulfation, with the domains Asparagine_hydroxylase and Collagen_prolyl_lysyl_hydroxylase and Sulfotransferase, respectively. The deamidation type of PTM was present only in Rhizobium sp. NGR234. How to cite: Qureshi MA, Pervez MT, Babar ME, et al. Genomic comparisons of Rhizobium species using in silico AFLP-PCR, endonuclease restrictions and ampylating enzymes.

Micronutrients content in Pueraria phaseoloides L. on soils under oil palm plantations in Tailândia, state of Pará / Acúmulo de micronutrientes em Kudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides L) em solos sob plantações de dendê em Tailândia ­ Pará

The adoption of cover crops in commercial plantations has been shown to be an alternative to promote greater soil protection, enhancement in its structure and aggregation, optimization of accumulation and nutrient cycling to obtain greater production of biomass and higher nitrogen fixation. To determine the accumulation of micronutrients of Pueraria phaseoloides L., according to age, established as a soil cover in industrial oil palm crops, an experiment was carried out at Companhia Agroindustrial (CRAI) in the municipality of Tailândia, State of Pará, in an Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates. The results allow to conclude that the accumulation of nutrients, except for Mn and Cu in the live Pueraria phaseoloides L. plant cover reduced over the years and those of B, Mn, Zn, and Cu were greater in the dead Pueraria phaseoloides L. plant cover and for Cl it was in the live Pueraria phaseoloides L. plant cover. The decreasing order of total micronutrient extraction was the following: Cl> Mn> B> Zn> Cu.

A adoção de plantas de cobertura em plantios comerciais tem se mostrado uma alternativa para promover ao solo maior proteção, melhorias em sua estrutura e agregação e otimização de acúmulo e ciclagem de nutrientes visando maior produção de biomassa e maior fixação de N2. Com o objetivo de determinar o acúmulo de micronutrientes puerária (Pueraria phaseoloides L.), em função da idade, estabelecida como cobertura de solo em plantações industriais de dendezeiros, instalou-se experimento na Companhia Real Agroindustrial (CRAI) no município de Tailândia, Estado do Pará, em Latossolo Amarelo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os resultados permitem concluir que: o acúmulo de nutrientes com exceção do Mn e Cu na cobertura verde de Pueraria phaseoloides L., reduziu com o decorrer dos anos; os de B, Mn, Zn e Cu foram maiores na cobertura morta, enquanto que o de Cl na cobertura verde. A ordem decrescente da extração total de micronutrientes foi: Cl > Mn > B > Zn > Cu.

Valor nutritivo de gramíneas do gênero Cynodon consorciadas com amendoim forrageiro / Nutritive value of grasses of genus Cynodon mixed with forage peanut

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o valor nutritivo do consórcio forrageiro entre gramíneas do gênero Cynodon (cv. tifton 85 ou coastcross) com Arachis pintoi (amendoim forrageiro). O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, em área de aproximadamente 3000m2. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: tifton 85 e coastcross em cultivo estreme, tifton 85 + AF e coastcross + AF. Foram avaliados os teores de PB, FDN, FDA, DIVMS, MM e MS das lâminas foliares, colmo+bainha, amendoim forrageiro e da MF disponível da simulação de pastejo. Foi observado que a coastcross tem menor teor de fibra, independentemente do tratamento. O avanço das estações do ano proporcionou menores valores de PB e DIVMS em todos os tratamentos. A simulação de pastejo demonstrou que a tifton 85 tem maiores teores de MS, assim como valores inferiores são encontrados para os consórcios. Quando consorciado com as gramíneas, o amendoim forrageiro reduziu os compostos fibrosos na pastagem, acrescentando maiores teores de PB em pastagem de gramíneas no final do ciclo produtivo.(AU)

The goal of this study was to evaluate the fodder performance and production of Cynodon (Cv. Tifton 85 or Coastcross) mixed with Arachis pintoi (Forage peanut). The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, at an area of approximately 3000m2. A completely randomized block design was applied, with four treatments and three replicates. The treatments were: Tifton 85 and Coastcross in pure crop, Tifton 85 + AF and Coastcross + AF with rotated and successive implantation of one line to the grass and three consecutive lines to the legume. The content of CP, NDF, ADF, IVDMD ashe and DM of the leaf blades, stem of grasses forage peanut and total forage mass available of grazing simulation was evaluated. Coastcross has lower fibrous contents, regardless of treatment. The changing of the seasons during the year provided lower values of CP and IVDMD for all treatments. The evaluation of the grazing simulation showed that Tifton 85 has higher DM values just as the lower ones are found for consortia. When mixed with grasses, forage peanuts reduce the fibrous compounds on pasture, increasing the CP levels in grass pasture at the end of productive cycle.(AU)

Productivity and morphological characteristics of buffel grass intercropped with butterfly pea under shade conditions / Características morfológicas e produtivas do capim buffel em consórcio com cunhã sob sombreamento

Forage production in the Brazilian semiarid region can be enhanced by irrigation and shading to maximize water use. We evaluated the productivity and morphological characteristics of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) intercropped with butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) under shade conditions using an irrigated area with an artificial shading system (26, 39, 55%, or full sunlight). Butterfly pea was implemented in half of the land parcels in a randomized block using a split plot design with three replications. One hundred twenty days after planting was designated as the uniformity cut and the cutting was performed every 45 days for four consecutive cycles. The morphological analysis was performed during the first and fourth cycle, and the herbage mass was determined. The shadow had a quadratic effect on the leaf appearance rate in the first cycle, while shading had a quadratic deviation effect on the leaf elongation rate in the second cycle and an increased linear effect on the length of the sheet in the first cycle. Shading had a quadratic effect on the herbage mass in the third cycle and decreased linearity in the fourth cycle. The highest percentage of buffel grass was found in the single system in the first and second cycles. In addition, we observed a decreased linear effect of shade in the first cycle and the quadratic deviation effect of shade in the second cycle. A quadratic effect of shade was observed in the third and fourth cycles. The survival of the butterfly pea had a quadratic effect with a minimum rate level of 21% shading. The crude protein content showed a system effect in four cycles with higher crude protein in the intercropping system in the first and second cycles. There was also a quadratic effect of shade in the third cycle and linear increase in the fourth cycle. In conclusion, shading increased the leaf appearance rates and elongation at intermediate levels. In addition, a high level of shading increased the leaf length and survival of butterfly pea while it decreased the mass of the forage produced.

A produção de forragem na região semiárida brasileira pode ser intensificada com a irrigação e o sombreamento, maximizando o uso da água. Com o objetivo de avaliar as características produtivas e morfológicas do Capim Buffel (Cenchrus ciliaris) consorciado com Cunhã (Clitoria ternatea), sob sombreamento, foi utilizada uma área irrigada com sistema de sombreamento artificial (26, 39, 55% ou pleno sol). Foi implantada Cunhã em metade das parcelas em delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquemas de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. Após 120 dias foi realizado o corte de uniformização e a cada 45 dias foram realizados os cortes por quatro ciclos consecutivos, sendo realizadas análises morfológicas e determinada a massa de forragem no 1.º e 4º ciclos. Houve efeito quadrático para sombra na taxa de aparecimento foliar no 1º ciclo, efeito de desvio da quadrática para sombreamento na taxa de alongamento foliar no 2º ciclo e efeito linear crescente para sombreamento no comprimento da folha no 1º ciclo. A massa de forragem apresentou efeito quadrático para sombreamento no 3º ciclo e efeito linear decrescente no 4º ciclo. O maior percentual de Capim Buffel foi encontrado no sistema solteiro no 1º e 2º ciclos. Foi observado efeito linear decrescente para sombra no 1º ciclo e de desvio da quadrática para sombra no 2º ciclo. Já no 3º e 4º ciclos houve efeito quadrático para sombra. A sobrevivência da Cunhã apresentou efeito quadrático com taxa mínima em 21% de sombreamento. O teor de proteína bruta apresentou efeito de sistema nos quatro ciclos, sendo encontrados maiores teores de proteína bruta no sistema consorciado no 1º e 2º ciclos. Houve ainda efeito quadrático para sombra no 3º ciclo e efeito linear crescente no 4º ciclo. Conclui-se que o sombreamento promove aumento nas taxas de aparecimento e alongamento foliar em níveis intermediários. Além disso, alto nível o sombreamento promove aumento do comprimento foliar, eleva a sobrevivência da Cunhã e diminui a produção de massa de forragem.

EFECTO DE UN FOSFATO TÉRMICO SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO Y PRODUCCIÓN DE FRÍJOL (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) CV ICA CERINZA

El fríjol es la leguminosa más importante del mundo por su aporte a la seguridad alimentaria y por el alto contenido de proteínas y de minerales esenciales. En américa latina y especialmente en Colombia, el cultivo de fríjol es importante en la economía campesina, pero, en la actualidad, la producción no satisface la demanda, haciendo necesario importar este producto. En la zona ecuatorial y subecuatorial, los suelos, en su mayoría, presentan condiciones ácidas, que conlleva a una baja fertilidad y limitación en la toma de elementos, como el fósforo. Por esto, el uso de fuentes de fósforo no convencionales representa una alternativa en la disponibilidad de este elemento, que mejore la dinámica nutricional y así generar un buen crecimiento y producción de los cultivos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un fosfato térmico sobre el crecimiento y el rendimiento del cultivar de fríjol 'ICA Cerinza', bajo condiciones agroecológicas, del municipio de Tunja-Boyacá. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro tratamientos correspondientes a dosis de fosfato térmico 0, 300, 600 y 900kg ha-1, con cuatro replicaciones. Se evaluó el contenido total de clorofila, área foliar, peso seco de órganos, numero de vainas por planta y granos por vaina, peso de cien granos, rendimiento y contenido foliar de fósforo. Se presentaron diferencias estadísticas entre tratamientos (P≤0,05), para las variables de crecimiento y el número de vainas por planta. La aplicación de 600kg ha-1 de fosfato térmico mostró los mejores resultados, posiblemente, debido a las características del producto, tales como solubilidad y composición, siendo una alternativa en suelos de condiciones moderadamente ácidas.

The common bean is the world's most important legume for their contribution to food security. In Latin America and especially in Colombia, the bean crop is important in the rural economy, but currently the production does not meet demand, necessitating import this product. In tropical and subtropical soils areas mostly present conditions exchangeable acidity, it leads to low fertility and limitation in making elements such as phosphorus, so the use of unconventional sources of phosphorus, may represent an alternative in the availability of this element that improves the nutritional dynamics and generate good growth and crop production. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of a thermal phosphate on growth and productivity of bean cv. 'ICA Cerinza' under agro-ecological conditions of the municipality of Tunja-Boyacá. Design was used completely randomized with four treatments corresponding to doses of thermal phosphate 0, 300, 600 and 900kg ha-1 with four replications. The total chlorophyll content, leaf area, dry weight of organs, yield components and leaf phosphorus content was evaluated. Statistical differences between treatments (P≤0.05) for growth variables and the number of pods per plant were presented. Applying 600kg thermal phosphate ha-1 showed the best results, possibly because the product characteristics such as solubility and composition, being an alternative flooring moderately acidic conditions.

Amendoim forrageiro manejado com baixos resíduos de pastejo por ovinos / Perennial peanut handled with low grazing waste by sheep

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o comportamento produtivo do amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) sob diferentes intensidades de pastejo por ovinos em ambiente rotativo. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro intensidades de pastejo (muito leniente - ML, leniente - L, moderado - M e severo - S) representadas pelas alturas de resíduo de 11,2; 8,4; 5,9 e 3,2cm, que foram alocadas segundo um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As variáveis estudadas no pré e no pós-pastejo foram: massa de forragem, percentual de folhas e caules e índice de área foliar. Ao final do experimento, foi calculada a massa de forragem total acumulada, a taxa de acúmulo e a massa de forragem desaparecida. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias de Tukey (P< 0,05). Foi verificado que a intensidade de pastejo modifica a composição dos componentes morfológicos e a massa de forragem acumulada pelo amendoim forrageiro, todavia o índice de área foliar no pré-pastejo não é alterado. O amendoim forrageiro não deve ser utilizado sob pastejo intenso. Intensidades de pastejo de moderada a muito leniente proporcionam maior massa de forragem pré-pastejo e total acumulada, associada a menores intervalos entre pastejos.(AU)

This research aimed to study the productive behavior of perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) under different grazing intensities by sheep in a rotation environment. The treatments consisted of four grazing intensity levels (very lenient - VL, lenient - L, moderate - M, and severe - S) represented by the residues 11.2; 8.4; 5.9 and 3.2cm, and allocated randomly with four replications. The variables studied in the pre-grazing and post-grazing were: forage mass, percentage of leaves and stems and leaf area index. At the end of the experiment, total accumulated forage mass, accumulation rate, and mass of missing forage were calculated. The data was submitted to a variance analysis and comparison to a Tukey's test, with a 5% significance level. Grazing intensity was found to modify the composition of morphological components and the forage mass accumulated by peanuts; however, the leaf area index in pre-grazing remained constant. Perennial peanut should not be used under intensive grazing. Grazing intensity from moderate to very lenient provides greater mass of pre-grazing forage and total accumulated forage, combined with shorter intervals between grazing.(AU)

Antihyperglycemic studies with boiled and non-boiled Vigna mungo seeds.

Vigna mungo is a common leguminous crop cultivated in Bangladesh for its edible seeds, which are consumed following boiling or cooking. Since many lentil plants are known to have antihyperglycemic activity, it was of interest to determine the antihyperglycemic potential of seeds of V. mungo both in its boiled and non-boiled form. In oral glucose tolerance tests conducted in glucose-loaded Swiss albino mice, crude methanol extract of non-boiled seeds reduced blood glucose levels by 29.1, 36.5, 42.6, and 48.9%, respectively, at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg per kg body weight. At the afore-mentioned four doses, the percent reductions in blood glucose levels were, respectively, 24.1, 35.1, 39.4, and 46.5% with crude methanol extract of boiled seeds. Glibenclamide, a standard antihyperglycemic drug was observed to reduce blood glucose levels by 48.2%, when administered at a dose of 10 mg per kg. Thus the extracts of both non-boiled and boiled seeds demonstrated good antihyperglycemic potential comparable to glibenclamide and can be used as a readily available alternative to alleviate high blood glucose levels in diabetic patients.

Deposition and nutritional quality of the litter of pure stands of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium / Aporte e qualidade nutricional da serapilheira de plantios puros de Eucalyptus camaldulensis e Acacia mangium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of pure stands of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Acacia mangium for litter deposition and nutrient return in a pit of clay extraction in northern Rio de Janeiro (RJ). We conducted a randomized block design experiment with two treatments and three replications. For the evaluation of the annual deposition of litter and nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), we used circular collectors during a year (from July 2006 to June 2007). The planting of Acacia mangium in clay extraction pits contributed with the largest annual deposition of litter and with a litter of better quality compared to Eucalyptus camaldulensis, with higher levels of P and N and lower C:N and polyphenol:N ratios. This fact possibly allows higher rates of decomposition by edaphic microorganisms and, hence, a faster release of these nutrients to the soil. In addition, the planting of legumes showed higher annual deposition of P and N.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contribuição de plantios puros de Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Eucalipto) e Acacia mangium (Acácia) na deposição de serapilheira e retorno de nutrientes em uma cava de extração de argila na região norte fluminense (RJ). Realizou-se um experimento, cujo delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos e três repetições. Para a avaliação do aporte anual de serapilheira e nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca e Mg), utilizaram-se coletores circulares, durante o período de um ano (julho de 2006 a junho de 2007). O plantio de Acacia mangium na cava de extração de argila contribuiu com o maior aporte anual de serapilheira total, bem como, uma serapilheira de melhor qualidade em relação ao Eucalyptus camaldulensis, apresentando maiores teores de P e N e menores relações C:N e Polifenol:N. Este fato possivelmente permite maiores taxas de decomposição pelos microrganismos edáficos, e consequente mais rápida liberação desses nutrientes para o solo. Além disso, o plantio da leguminosa apresentou maior aporte anual de P e N.

Acúmulo e composição morfológica do pasto de capim-Tanzânia adubado com nitrogênio ou consorciado com estilosantes Campo Grande / Accumulation and forage morphological composition of Tanzania grass fertilized with nitrogen or intercropped with Campo Grande stylosanthes

Objetivou-se avaliar o acúmulo de massa de forragem e a composição morfológica do pasto de capim-Tanzânia adubado com nitrogênio ou consorciado com estilosantes Campo Grande. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por: Tanzânia + Estilosantes; Tanzânia + 75 kg N ha-1; Tanzânia + 150 kg N ha-1; Tanzânia + 225 kg N ha-1. A maior porcentagem de lâmina foliar verde foi observada na primavera e nos pastos com 150 e 225 kg de N/ha. A porcentagem de colmo+bainha verde foi maior no verão e no outono, assim como, nos pastos adubados com N. A porcentagem de material morto foi mais elevada no outono e inverno. Com a aplicação de 225 kg de N/ha, os pastos apresentaram maior acúmulo diário de massa de forragem em relação aos outros tratamentos. A circunferência das touceiras foi semelhante entre os pastos consorciados e adubados com N. A quantidade de perfilhos vivos foi maior quando utilizou-se doses mais elevadas de nitrogênio. Os pastos consorciados com estilosantes ou adubados com 75 e 150 kg de nitrogênio apresentam respostas semelhantes para as características estruturais do pasto, e para o acúmulo de forragem.

The objective was to evaluate the accumulation of forage yield, composition and morphology of Tanzania grass pastures (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania-1) fertilized with nitrogen or intercropped with Campo Grande Stylosanthes. Were used a randomized blocks with split plots with three replications and having treatments as main plots: Stylosanthes + Tanzania; Tanzania + 75 kg N ha-1; Tanzania + 150 kg N ha-1; Tanzania + 225 kg N ha-1 and the subplots seasons. The highest percentage of green leaf blade were observed in spring and the pastures with 150 and 225 kg N/ha. The percentage of green stem + sheath were higher in summer and autumn, as well as in pastures fertilized with N. The percentage of dead material was higher in autumn and winter. With the application of 225 kg N/ha, pastures had higher daily accumulation of dry matter in relation to other treatments. The circumference of the stools was similar between the consortium and pastures fertilized with N. The number of live tillers was higher when we used higher doses of nitrogen. Pastures intercropped with stylosanthes or nitrogen fertilized (75 and 150 kg) presents better morphology and daily accumulation of forage.